Multi-layer micro-wire structure

ABSTRACT

A multi-layer micro-wire structure resistant to cracking including a substrate having a surface, one or more micro-channels formed in the substrate, an electrically conductive first material composition forming a first layer located in each micro-channel, and an electrically conductive second material composition having a greater tensile ductility than the first material composition forming a second layer located in each micro-channel, the first material composition and the second material composition in electrical contact to form an electrically conductive multi-layer micro-wire in each micro-channel, whereby the multi-layer micro-wire is resistant to cracking

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

Reference is made to commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No.______ (Docket K001762) filed concurrently herewith, entitled “MakingMulti-Layer Micro-Wire Structure” by Spath et al, the disclosure ofwhich is incorporated here.

Reference is made to commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/032,213, filed Sep. 20, 2013, entitled “Micro-Wire Touchscreen withUnpatterned Conductive Layer” by Burberry et al, and tocommonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/779,917, filedFeb. 28, 2013, entitled “Multi-Layer Micro-Wire Structure” by Yau et al,the disclosures of which are incorporated herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to micro-wire electrical conductors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Transparent conductors are widely used in the flat-panel displayindustry to form electrodes for electrically switching thelight-emitting or light-transmitting properties of a display pixel, forexample in liquid crystal or organic light-emitting diode displays.Transparent conductive electrodes are also used in touch screens inconjunction with displays. In such applications, the transparency andconductivity of the transparent electrodes are important attributes. Ingeneral, it is desired that transparent conductors have a hightransparency (for example, greater than 90% in the visible spectrum) anda low electrical resistivity (for example, less than 10 ohms/square).

Conventional transparent conductors are typically coated on a substrateto form a patterned layer of a transparent, conductive material, such asindium tin oxide or other metal oxide. Such materials are increasinglyexpensive and relatively costly to deposit and pattern. Moreover, metaloxides have a limited conductivity and transparency, and tend to crackwhen formed on flexible substrates or when curved. Conductive polymersare also known, for example polyethylene dioxythiophene (PEDOT).However, such conductors have a relatively low conductivity andtransparency.

More recently, transparent electrodes including very fine patterns ofconductive micro-wires have been proposed. For example, capacitivetouch-screens with mesh electrodes including very fine patterns ofconductive elements, such as metal wires or conductive traces, aretaught in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0328248 and U.S.Pat. No. 8,179,381, which are hereby incorporated in their entirety byreference. As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,179,381, fine conductorpatterns are made by one of several processes, including laser-curedmasking, inkjet printing, gravure printing, micro-replication, andmicro-contact printing. The transparent micro-wire electrodes includemicro-wires between 0.5μ and 4μ wide and a transparency of betweenapproximately 86% and 96%.

Conductive micro-wires are formed in micro-channels embossed in asubstrate, for example as taught in CN102063951, which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety. As discussed in CN102063951,a pattern of micro-channels is formed in a substrate using an embossingtechnique. Embossing methods are generally known in the prior art andtypically include coating a curable liquid, such as a polymer, onto arigid substrate. The polymer is partially cured (through heat orexposure to light or ultraviolet radiation) and then a pattern ofmicro-channels is embossed (impressed) onto the partially cured polymerlayer by a master having a reverse pattern of ridges formed on itssurface. The polymer is then completely cured. A conductive ink is thencoated over the substrate and into the micro-channels, the excessconductive ink between micro-channels is removed, for example bymechanical buffing, patterned chemical electrolysis, or patternedchemical corrosion. Metal nano-particle compositions are known, forexample as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2011/0303885. The conductive ink in the micro-channels is cured, forexample by heating. In an alternative method described in CN102063951, aphotosensitive layer, chemical plating, or sputtering is used to patternconductors, for example using patterned radiation exposure or physicalmasks. Unwanted material (photosensitive resist) is removed, followed byelectro-deposition of metallic ions in a bath.

It is useful to form many electronic devices on flexible substrates.Flexible substrates are robust in the presence of mechanical shock andenable a wide variety of useful end-product form factors that are notreadily achieved with electronic devices formed on rigid substrates. Inparticular applications, electronic devices are formed on flexiblesubstrates in a flat configuration and then the electronic devices andflexible substrates are bent or otherwise mechanically manipulated toform non-planar shapes, for example a cylindrical shape or portion of acylindrical shape. Since most electronic fabrication processes rely onflat substrates, the ability to form electronic devices in a flatconfiguration and then bend or curve the electronic device permitsconventional manufacturing equipment designed for conventionally rigidand flat substrates to be used for making devices that are ultimatelyused in non-flat arrangements.

Polymer layers are used to conduct light in channels formed in asubstrate, for example as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,371,452. Resinsused for blocking light and formed in channels are discussed in U.S.Pat. No. 8,269,404. However, these disclosures do not provide conductivemicro-wires.

In useful arrangements, conductive micro-wires are used in electronicdevices to form apparently transparent electrodes or to provideconductors in electronic circuits. There is a need, therefore, forrobust and manufacturable micro-wire structures that enable improvedconductivity in non-flat configurations.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, a multi-layer micro-wirestructure resistant to cracking, comprises:

a substrate having a surface;

one or more micro-channels formed in the substrate;

an electrically conductive first material composition forming a firstlayer located in each micro-channel; and

an electrically conductive second material composition having a greatertensile ductility than the first material composition forming a secondlayer located in each micro-channel, the first material composition andthe second material composition in electrical contact to form anelectrically conductive multi-layer micro-wire in each micro-channel,whereby the multi-layer micro-wire is resistant to cracking.

The present invention provides an electrically conductive micro-wirestructure resistant to cracking having improved electrical conductivityand robustness that is formed in a flat configuration and used in acurved configuration.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other features and advantages of the present inventionwill become more apparent when taken in conjunction with the followingdescription and drawings wherein identical reference numerals have beenused to designate identical features that are common to the figures, andwherein:

FIG. 1 is a cross section of a multi-layer micro-wire structure in anembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a cross section of another multi-layer micro-wire structure inan embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a more detailed cross section of the multi-layer micro-wirestructure corresponding to the embodiment of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a more detailed cross section of the multi-layer micro-wirestructure corresponding to the embodiment of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a cross section of a multi-layer micro-wire structure with agap in an alternative embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a cross section of a multi-layer micro-wire structure with agap in a curved embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a cross section of a multi-layer micro-wire structure having athird layer in an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 8-11 are cross sections of various multi-layer micro-wirestructures having a third layer in alternative embodiments of thepresent invention;

FIG. 12 is a plan view of two arrays of electrodes in separate layersand extending in orthogonal directions useful in understanding thepresent invention;

FIGS. 13-14 are cross section of alternative multi-layer micro-wirestructures having an unpatterned conducting layer in an embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIGS. 15-19 are flow charts illustrating various methods of making thepresent invention; and

FIG. 20 is a perspective of a three-dimensional substrate in a curvedcapacitive touch screen according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

The Figures are not necessarily to scale, since the range of dimensionsin the drawings is too great to permit depiction to scale.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed toward multi-layer micro-wirestructures formed in a substrate that are capable of conductingelectrical currents. The electrically conductive multi-layer micro-wirestructures provide improved transparency, conductivity, and flexibility,especially in a curved configuration.

Referring to FIG. 1 in an embodiment of the present invention, amulti-layer micro-wire structure 5 includes a substrate 40 having asubstrate surface 41. One or more micro-channels 60 are formed in thesubstrate 40 and extend into the substrate 40 from the substrate surface41. The micro-channels 60 have a micro-channel bottom 63, micro-channelsides 62, and a micro-channel top 61. The micro-channel top 61 can beopen and correspond to the substrate surface 41. An electricallyconductive first material composition 12 forms a first layer 10 locatedin each micro-channel 60. An electrically conductive second materialcomposition 22 having a greater tensile ductility than the firstmaterial composition 12 forms a second layer 20 located in eachmicro-channel 60. The first material composition 12 and the secondmaterial composition 22 form an electrically conductive multi-layermicro-wire 50 in each micro-channel 60. The micro-channel 60 can becompletely or only partially filled with the first and second layers 10,20. In a useful embodiment, the substrate 40 is a transparent orflexible substrate 40.

As shown in FIG. 1, the second material composition 22 is between thefirst material composition 12 and the substrate surface 41 of thesubstrate 40 or micro-channel top 61. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 2,the first material composition 12 is between the second materialcomposition 22 and the substrate surface 41 of the substrate 40 ormicro-channel top 61 of the micro-channel 60. In either configuration,multi-layer micro-wire 50 includes both the first layer 10 and thesecond layer 20. In one arrangement of the present invention, the firstlayer 10 is thicker than the second layer 20 or is more conductive. Inanother arrangement of the present invention, the second layer 20 isthicker than the first layer 10. In different embodiments, first layer10 is more electrically conductive than second layer 20 or second layer20 is more electrically conductive than first layer 10. First or secondlayer 10, 20 can have different optical properties.

In an embodiment, the first and second layers 10, 20 of the multi-layermicro-wire structure 5 form separate layers in the micro-channel 60 thathave a clearly defined interfacial boundary separating the first andsecond layers 10, 20. Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, in another arrangementthe first material composition 12 infuses the second materialcomposition 22 or alternatively the second material composition 22infuses the first material composition 12 so that the first and secondlayers 10, 20 can overlap. By infuse is meant that at least a portion ofthe second material composition 22 of the second layer 20 intermingleswith at least a portion of the first material composition 12 of thefirst layer 10. FIG. 3 corresponds to the layer arrangement of FIG. 1and FIG. 4 corresponds to the layer arrangement of FIG. 2. The secondmaterial composition 22 in the second layer 20 infuses a portion of thefirst layer 10, for example some but not all of the first materialcomposition 12 of the first layer 10 is coated by the second materialcomposition 22. Elements of the first material composition 12 are on thesurface of the first layer 10 and the second layer 20 and also withinthe first layer 10 and the second layer 20, thereby forming two at leastpartially intermingled layers. Infusing the first material composition12 of the first layer 10 with the second material composition 22 of thesecond layer 20 improves electrical conductivity between the first andthe second layers 10, 20 particularly, as discussed further below, whenthe multi-layer micro-wire 50 is stressed or strained by bending orfolding the multi-layer micro-wire 50 and the substrate 40.

Because the second material composition 22 has greater tensile ductilitythan the first material composition 12, the second material composition22 maintains its electrical conductivity when subjected to bending orfolding better than the first material composition 12 and the secondmaterial composition 22 conducts electricity along the multi-layermicro-wire 50 even if the first material composition 12 is fractured orabsent.

As shown in the embodiments of FIGS. 3 and 4, the first materialcomposition 12 includes conductive particles 92, for example a curedconductive ink including metal or metallic nano-particles that aresintered together and cured to form an electrical conductor. Conductiveinks including metallic nano-particles that are cured, for example byheating, to form micro-wires are known. In another embodiment, thesecond material composition is, or includes, a conductive polymer,PEDOT, or a polyaniline. In an embodiment, the sintered nano-particlesof the first material composition 12 form a porous solid and the secondmaterial composition 22 infuses the pores within the first materialcomposition 12 without breaking electrical connections between theconductive particles 92 or otherwise disturbing the solid first materialcomposition 12. By infusing the first material composition 12 with thesecond material composition 22, the electrical conductivity of the firstmaterial composition 12 is maintained and effective electricalconductivity between the first material composition 12 and the secondmaterial composition 22 is provided. Experiments have demonstrated thatsintered conductive inks have poor tensile strength, are more brittle,but have better electrical conductivity than conductive polymers.Conductive polymers are more ductile but have a lower electricalconductivity than cured nano-particle inks. Thus, the multi-layermicro-wire 50 of the present invention provides both improved electricalconductivity and ductility, especially under mechanical strain.

Experiments have demonstrated that micro-wires including sinteredconductive particles 92 found in conductive inks are susceptible tocracking when physically manipulated, for example by folding or bendingthe substrate 40 (FIGS. 1 and 2). Such cracks reduce the conductivity ofcured conductive inks or form an electrical open that does not conductelectricity. In other experiments, it has been demonstrated that theprocess of locating conductive inks in the micro-channels 60 can in somecases fail to completely fill the micro-channels 60 and the process ofcuring the conductive ink in the micro-channels 60 can result in cracksthat extend partially through the cured conductive ink and reduceconductivity or result in cracks that extend completely through thecured conductive ink resulting in electrical opens. For example, thesurface energy of the micro-channel 60 micro-channel side 62 ormicro-channel bottom 63 (FIG. 1) can prevent the conductive ink fromcoating the micro-channel 60 thoroughly and, as the conductive ink cures(for example by drying or heating), the conductive ink can formmicro-cracks that reduce or eliminate electrical conductivity in thecured conductor.

Thus, referring to FIG. 5, in another embodiment of the presentinvention at least one multi-layer micro-wire 50 in substrate 40includes at least one crack in the first material composition 12 in thefirst layer 10 forming a gap 44 in the first material composition 12where the first material composition 12 is partially or completelyabsent in the micro-channel 60. The second material composition 22 inthe second layer 20 forms an electrical connection that bridges the gap44. FIG. 5 illustrates a cross section of the multi-layer micro-wire 50along the length of the multi-layer micro-wire 50 rather than across thewidth of multi-layer micro-wire 50 as in FIGS. 1-4. The second layer 20and the second material composition 22 can, but need not, extend to themicro-channel bottom 63 of the micro-channel 60 in which the multi-layermicro-wire 50 is formed. The second material composition 22 conductselectricity from one side of the gap 44 to the other, thereby improvingthe conductivity of the multi-layer micro-wire 50.

Referring further to FIG. 6 in another lengthwise cross section ofmulti-layer micro-wire 50, a corner 42 of an object 46 is shown with themulti-layer micro-wire 50 of the present invention bent or wrappedaround the corner 42 by bending or wrapping the substrate 40 into athree-dimensional configuration, for example around another object 46,such as a display. A micro-crack in the first material composition 12forms a gap 44 that impedes the flow of electricity through the firstmaterial composition 12. The second material composition 22 bridges thegap 44 to improve the current flow through the multi-layer micro-wire50. Note that in both FIGS. 5 and 6, it is possible that the gap 44forms an electrical open in the first material composition 12 or thatthe conductivity of the first material composition 12 is reduced but noteliminated. Alternatively, in an embodiment the micro-crack forming thegap 44 is a partial crack that does not extend all of the way throughthe first material composition 12 of the first layer 10. In anembodiment in which conductive particles 92 form a substantial part ofthe first layer 10, a gap 44 can result when the number of conductiveparticles 92 that are sintered together across the micro-channel 60 inthe gap 44 is smaller than the number of sintered conductive particles92 elsewhere in the multi-layer micro-wire 50. As illustrated in FIG. 6,a single conductive particle 92 conducts electricity across the gap 44around the corner 42 of the object 46 and on the substrate 40. Elsewherein the first layer 10, two or more conductive particles conductelectricity along the length of the first layer 10. Thus, according toan embodiment of the present invention, the gap 44 is an area of reducedconductivity in the first material composition 12 of the first layer 10.The gap 44 is formed in various ways, particularly by coating aconductive ink, curing a conductive ink, or stressing or straining acured conductive ink. The present invention is not limited by the way inwhich the gaps 44 are formed, or whether the gaps 44 have reduced orpartial conductivity or are completely non-conductive thereby forming anelectrical open.

As is readily understood by those knowledgeable in the mechanical andelectrical arts, stressing or straining a conductor by bending it arounda corner or into a three-dimensional configuration can form micro-cracksin the conductor that inhibits the flow of electricity along theconductor. Because the second material composition 22 has greatertensile ductility than the first material composition 12, the secondmaterial composition 22 is more resistant to mechanical strain and lesslikely to develop cracks. Hence, the present invention provides improvedelectrical conductivity and resistance to stress or strain in aconductor, especially when formed in a flexible substrate 40 that isflexed, bent, curved, or wrapped around another object.

Thus, the multi-layer multi-wire structure 5 of the present inventionprovides a parallel conductive path along the micro-channels 60 in thesubstrate 40 parallel to the substrate surface 41 such that the netconductivity of the multi-layer multi-wire 50 is enhanced even if onelayer (the more brittle layer, e.g. the first layer 10) is moreelectrically conductive but has defects, faults, or flaws, for exampleproduced by mechanical strain or difficulty in coating or curing. Thefirst and second material compositions 12, 22 are in electrical contactwhere the second material composition 22 is infused with the firstmaterial composition 12 and the second material composition 22 provideselectrical conductivity where defects, faults, or flaws in the firstmaterial composition 12 are present.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, the first or secondmaterial composition 12, 22 is light-absorbing or includes carbon black.Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 7, in an embodiment of the presentinvention, the multi-layer micro-wire 50 in the micro-channel 60includes a third layer 30 located in the micro-channel 60 on a side ofthe second layer 20 opposite the first layer 10. In one embodiment, thethird layer 30 includes a third material composition 32 that isdifferent from either the first or the second material compositions 12,22. The third material composition 32 can be light absorbing andinclude, for example, carbon black. If the third material composition 32is electrically conductive, in an embodiment it is a part of themulti-layer micro-wire 50.

Referring to FIG. 8 in another embodiment, the third materialcomposition 32 in the third layer 30 is the same as or includes thefirst material composition 12 in the first layer 10 and is a part of themulti-layer micro-wire 50. In this embodiment, as in FIG. 7, the thirdlayer 30 is located in the micro-channel 60 on a side of the secondmaterial composition 22 of the second layer 20 opposite the first layer10 and adjacent to the micro-channel top 61.

Referring to FIG. 9 in a different embodiment of the multi-layermicro-wire 50, the third material composition 32 in the third layer 30is the same as or includes the second material composition 22 in thesecond layer 20 and is a part of the multi-layer micro-wire 50. In thisembodiment, the third layer 30 is located in the micro-channel 60 on aside of the first material composition 12 of the first layer 10 oppositethe second layer 20 and adjacent to the micro-channel top 61. In eitherof the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9, the greater tensileductility of the second material composition 22 improves the netconductivity of the first material composition 12 in the presence ofcracks or gaps 44 (FIGS. 5, 6) in the first material composition 12.

In various embodiments of the multi-layer micro-wire 50, theelectrically conductive third material composition 32 forms a thirdlayer 30 located in the micro-channel top 61 of the micro-channel 60(FIG. 7), located in the micro-channel 60 between the first and secondlayers 10, 20 (FIG. 9), or located on the micro-channel bottom 63 of themicro-channel 60 (FIG. 10) to form the multi-layer micro-wire 50 of thepresent invention. Referring to FIGS. 10 and 11, the electricallyconductive third material composition 32 in the third layer 30 canenhances the conductivity of the multi-layer micro-wire 50 by providinggreater tensile ductility than the first material composition 12 or thesecond material composition 22 or by providing increased electricalconductivity. As shown in FIG. 10, the first layer 10 is between thesecond layer 20 at the micro-channel top 61 and the third layer 30 atthe micro-channel bottom 63. As shown in FIG. 11, the third layer 30 isbetween the second layer 20 at the micro-channel top 61 and the firstlayer 10 at the micro-channel bottom 63.

Turning to FIG. 12, in an embodiment, the multi-layer micro-wires 50 ofthe present invention are used to form one or more layers of a pluralityof separate, spaced-apart electrodes 52, each electrode 52 including aplurality of electrically connected multi-layer micro-wires 50. In FIG.12, for clarity only the multi-layer micro-wires 50 of the top layer andhorizontal electrodes 52 are shown. In an embodiment, the electrodes 52are electrically disconnected.

In an embodiment, the arrays of electrodes 52 are used to form acapacitive touch screen. In such an embodiment, the multi-layermicro-wires 50 of the present invention can form the electricalconductors of sense electrodes or drive electrodes. In a furtherembodiment, the capacitive touch screen is curved or wrapped around acorner or edge of a three-dimensional object, or has a three-dimensionalconfiguration. Thus, the present invention enables a curved capacitivetouch screen 99 that has a three-dimensional configuration, is curved,is wrapped around a corner or edge of a three-dimensional object orsurface, or is adhered to a curved or three-dimensional surface, such asa cylinder, as shown in FIG. 20. By having a three-dimensionalconfiguration is meant that the substrate surface 41 of the substrate 40is not substantially flat or planar, or is perceptibly curved to anobserver or user in at least one dimension.

Referring back to FIG. 2, the electrically conductive first materialcomposition 12 in the first layer 10 is located only in eachmicro-channel 60 and not on the substrate surface 41, as shown.Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 1, the electrically conductive secondmaterial composition 22 in the second layer 20 is located only in eachmicro-channel and not on the substrate surface 41. The first and secondlayers 10, 20 are not necessarily flat or planar and, as noted above,can intermingle or are located together in a variety of configurations.

As shown in FIG. 12, the multi-layer micro-wires 50 form the separate,spaced apart electrodes 52 located in the micro-channels 60 (FIG. 1). Inthe embodiments of FIGS. 13 and 14, in addition to the multi-layermicro-wires 50 an unpatterned conductive layer 70 is electricallyconnected to the multi-layer micro-wires 50 and thus electricallyconnects the multi-layer micro-wires 50 and electrodes 52 (FIG. 12) andthe multi-layer micro-wires 50. The unpatterned conductive layer 70 iselectrically connected to the first layer 10, the second layer 20, orboth. In an embodiment, the unpatterned conductive layer 70 has thesecond material composition 22 and is formed in a common coating stepwith the second layer 20. Essentially, the unpatterned conductive layer70 is the portion of the second material composition 22 between themicro-channels 60 on the substrate surface 41. Alternatively, theunpatterned conductive layer 70 includes the second material composition22 of the multi-layer micro-wire 50 since, in an embodiment they areformed of the same materials in a common step. In an embodiment, theunpatterned conductive layer 70 is an isotropically conductive opticallyclear adhesive (OCA). Such an electrically conductive optically clearadhesive can adhere other elements in a device, for example anothersubstrate 40, a dielectric layer, a protective layer, or cover glass tothe multi-layer micro-wire structure 5. An electrically conductiveoptically clear adhesive forming the unpatterned conductive layer 70 canadhere a drive electrode layer to the substrate of a sense electrodelayer in a capacitive touch screen.

As discussed with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, either the first materialcomposition 12 is between the second material composition 22 and thesubstrate surface 41 or the second material composition 22 is betweenthe first material composition 12 and the substrate surface 41. FIG. 13corresponds to the arrangement of FIG. 1. In FIG. 13, the secondmaterial composition 22 is coated over the substrate surface 41 and thefirst material composition 12 to form the second layer 20 and theunpatterned conductive layer 70. The first material composition 12 andthe first layer 10 are therefore at the micro-channel bottom 63 of themicro-channels 60 and are typically coated before the second materialcomposition 22.

In contrast, referring to FIG. 14, the second material composition 22 isdeposited first and coats the substrate surface 41, and themicro-channel sides (walls) 62 and the micro-channel bottom 63 of themicro-channels 60 in the substrate 40. The first material composition 12of the first layer 10 is then coated in the micro-channels 60 and overthe second material composition 22 of the second layer 20. Theunpatterned conductive layer 70 is the same as that of FIG. 13, but thefirst material composition 12, as in FIG. 2, is over the second materialcomposition 22 and can extend to the substrate surface 41 and themicro-channel top 61 in the micro-channels 60 to form the multi-layermicro-wires 50. In an embodiment, the unpatterned conductive layer 70 isonly a few microns thick, for example less than 20 microns, less than 10microns, less than 5 microns, or less than 2 microns thick.Alternatively, the unpatterned conductive layer 70 has the samethickness as the second layer 20 or is thinner than the second layer 20.

As noted above, the unpatterned conductive layer 70 can include thesecond material composition 22. Alternatively, the unpatternedconductive layer 70 includes the first material composition 12.

Multi-layer micro-wires 50 of the present invention are useful informing wires to connect electrical components on a substrate,particularly substrates that are flexible or that are flexed. In anembodiment, the multi-layer micro-wires 50 form electrodes that are usedin capacitive touch screens. Multi-layer micro-wire structures 5 of thepresent invention are operated by providing electrical signals to themulti-layer micro-wires 50 or by sensing electrical signals from themulti-layer micro-wires 50. Integrated circuits and electrical circuitsusing or connected to electrically conductive wires are commonly usedand known in electrical system designs and the present invention is notlimited to any particular design, structure, or application.

Referring to FIG. 15 in a method of the present invention, themulti-layer micro-wire structure 5 is made by first providing asubstrate 40 in step 100. Micro-channels 60 are formed in or on thesubstrate 40 in step 110. In step 120, the first layer 10 is formed bylocating the first material composition 12 in the micro-channels 60. Instep 130, the second layer 20 is formed by locating the second materialcomposition 22 in the micro-channels 60. In an embodiment, the firstmaterial composition 12 is provided as a conductive ink or the secondmaterial composition 22 is provided as a conductive polymer. In anembodiment, the second material composition 22 is a polymer that iscoated as a liquid, for example by spin, hopper, or curtain coating, andthen cured. Coating and curing methods for polymers are well known inthe art.

In a useful method of the present invention, the substrate 40 isarranged in a flat configuration during step 110. By flat is meant thatan imprinting stamp imprints the substrate 40 without objectionableflaws in the imprinted micro-channels 60 due to a misalignment betweenthe orientation of the stamp and the orientation of the substrate 40. Inone embodiment, the substrate 40 is parallel to the stamp or to theportion of the stamp that impresses the substrate 40 (ignoring therelief structure of the stamp). In an embodiment, the method of FIG. 15is employed in a roll-to-roll process in which the substrate 40 isprovided in a roll configuration, unrolled for processing (e.g. coating,imprinting, or curing), and then rolled again. When unrolled forprocessing, the substrate 40 need only have a sufficiently large radiusof curvature that the micro-channels 60 of the imprinting step have noobjectionable flaws.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the first materialcomposition 12 and the first layer 10 are formed in step 120 before thesecond layer 20 is formed by locating the second material composition 22in the micro-channels 60 in step 130, forming the multi-layer micro-wirestructure 5 illustrated in FIG. 1. In another embodiment of the presentinvention, the second layer 20 is formed by locating the second materialcomposition 22 in the micro-channels 60 are formed in step 130 beforethe first material composition 12 and the first layer 10 in step 120,forming the multi-layer micro-wire structure 5 illustrated in FIG. 2. Ineither embodiment, the electrically conductive second materialcomposition 22 has a greater tensile ductility than the first materialcomposition 12. In optional step 140, the substrate is bent, wrapped, orcurved. In an embodiment, the first and second material compositions 12,22 are cured material compositions. In a useful method of the presentinvention, the material composition that is deposited first is onlypartially cured before the material composition that is depositedsecond. The step of curing the material composition deposited secondthen also cures the material composition that is deposited first. Inthis way, the first and second material compositions 12, 22 are adheredtogether and have improved electrical connectivity.

Referring to FIG. 16 in an embodiment, the first material composition 12is coated over the substrate surface 41 and micro-channels 60 in step112 and then removed from the substrate surface 41 but not from themicro-channels 60 in step 114. Alternatively, the second materialcomposition 22 is coated over the substrate surface 41 andmicro-channels 60 in step 112 and then removed from the substratesurface 41 but not from the micro-channels 60. The material in themicro-channels 60 is cured in step 116. In an embodiment, the firstmaterial composition 12 is cured separately from the second materialcomposition 22 in step 116. In another embodiment, the first materialcomposition 12 is cured at the same time as and together with the secondmaterial composition 22 in step 116. The curing step 116 can reduce thevolume of the first or second material compositions 12, 22, for exampleby evaporating solvents. In a further embodiment, the first or secondmaterial composition 12, 22 is exposed to an HCl vapor. Exposure to anHCl vapor can enhance the conductivity of silver conductive particles 92in a layer of a multi-layer micro-wire 50.

In an embodiment, the substrate surface 41 is wiped to remove the firstor second material composition 12, 22 from the substrate surface 41between the micro-channels 60. In another embodiment, the substratesurface 41 is wiped to remove a portion of the first or second materialcomposition 12, 22 from the micro-channels 60 so that each micro-channel60 is only partially filled.

As shown in FIG. 12, the multi-layer micro-wires 50 of the presentinvention form a plurality of electrically distinct electrodes 52. Eachelectrode 52 includes a plurality of electrically connected multi-layermicro-wires 50. Referring to FIG. 17, in an embodiment the substrate 10is coated with the unpatterned conductive layer 70 electricallyconnected to the electrodes in step 105, as shown in FIGS. 13 and 14.Referring to FIG. 13, the second material composition 22 is coated afterthe first material composition 12 so that the unpatterned conductivelayer 70 is located on the micro-channel top 61 of each micro-channel 60and not located on the micro-channel bottom 63 of each micro-channel 60.Alternatively, referring to FIG. 14, the second material composition 22is coated before the first material composition 12 so that theunpatterned conductive layer 70 is located on the micro-channel sides 62and micro-channel bottom 63 of each micro-channel 60.

Referring to FIG. 18, in another embodiment of the present invention, athird layer 30 is located in the micro-channel 60 on a side of thesecond layer 20 opposite the first layer in step 135. The third layer 30includes the first material composition 12. In an alternative embodimentof the present invention, the third layer 30 is located in themicro-channel 60 on a side of the first layer 10 opposite the secondlayer 20. The third layer 30 includes the second material composition22. In yet another embodiment, the third layer 30 includes a thirdelectrically conductive material composition and is located in themicro-channel 60 between the first and second layers 10, 20 or locatedon the micro-channel top 61 of the micro-channel 60 (as shown in FIGS.7-11).

In a useful method of the present invention, referring to FIG. 19, anunderlying substrate is provided in step 100 and an uncured curablelayer provided on the underlying substrate in step 210. In anembodiment, the underlying substrate and the cured layer form thesubstrate 40 and the surface of the cured layer opposite the underlyingsubstrate forms the substrate surface 41. The curable layer is provided,for example by spin, hopper, or curtain coating a cross-linkable resin.Such materials and methods are known in the prior art.

A stamp is provided in step 205 and used to imprint micro-channels 60 inthe curable layer in step 215. The curable layer is cured in step 220 toform micro-channels 60 in the cured layer. Conductive ink is provided instep 225, for example by coating the substrate 40 and micro-channels 60with the conductive ink and then removing the conductive ink from thesubstrate surface 41 leaving conductive ink in the micro-channels 60. Instep 230, the conductive ink is cured to form a conductor. In anembodiment, the cured conductive ink is the first material composition12. Imprinting stamps, imprinting methods, and conductive inks are knownin the art.

In an embodiment, a conductive layer is coated over the curable layer inoptional step 212. When the micro-channels 60 are imprinted, theconductive layer is located on at least a portion of the sides andbottom of the micro-channels 60. When the conductive ink is cured in themicro-channels 60, the conductive layer and the conductive ink form thesecond and first material compositions 22, 12, forming the multi-layermicro-wire 50 in each micro-channel 60 and the unpatterned conductivelayer 70 of an embodiment of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 14.Alternatively the cured layer and the cured conductive ink are coatedwith a conductive layer to form a multi-layer micro-wire 50 in eachmicro-channel 60 and the unpatterned conductive layer 70, as shown inFIG. 13. If the conductive layer is removed from the substrate surface41 before the conductive material (the second material composition 22)is cured, the multi-layer micro-wire structure 5 of FIG. 1 or 2 results.

The unpatterned conductive layer 70 is useful for reducingelectromagnetic interference in the multi-layer micro-wire structure 5of the present invention. In particular, the electrodes 52 on a side ofthe unpatterned conductive layer 70 opposite a source of electromagneticinterference experience reduced signal noise when used to detectcurrents in the electrodes 52. When used to form a capacitive touchscreen, the presence of the unpatterned conductive layer 70 alsoincreases capacitance between the driver and sensor electrodes 52 in thefirst and second layers 10, 20, thereby reducing the voltage needed tosense changes in the capacitive field, for example due to touches,thereby improving efficiency.

Methods of the present invention provide advantages over the prior art.Additive techniques are less costly than traditional subtractive methodsusing photolithographic tools, for example including etching. Disclosedmethods are applicable to roll-to-roll manufacturing techniques,increasing manufacturing rates and decreasing manufacturing costs. Thecosts of substrates, materials, and tooling are reduced.

The designation of first or second with respect to material compositionsor layers is arbitrary and does not necessarily specify order orstructure. Thus, depending on the embodiment of the present invention,first layer 10 is formed on second layer 20 or second layer 20 is formedon first layer 10. In any specific example or embodiment, the first orsecond material composition or layer designations can be reversedwithout changing the nature of the invention.

Different materials coated in separate layers over patterned substratesare known. In contrast, the multi-layer micro-wires 50 of the presentinvention are formed in the micro-channels 60 and not over the substratesurface 41 of the substrate 40 and can have a narrow width and extendinto the substrate 40. Conventional substrate deposition and patterningmethods, for example using sputtering to form a layer and then coatedphoto-resist with masked exposure to pattern a substrate are problematicor expensive, especially for such high-aspect ratio conductivestructures, and can involve extensive subtractive processing, forexample etching. Although it is known to form conventional micro-wires,the multi-layer micro-wires 50 of the present invention are structuredmulti-layer micro-wires 50 having at least the first and second layers10, 20. Such structured multi-layered micro-wires 50 are not known inthe prior art and provide advantages as disclosed herein.

The first or second material compositions 12, 22 can be provided in onestate and then processed into another state, for example converted froma liquid state into a solid state, to form a layer. Such conversion canbe accomplished in a variety of ways, for example by drying or heating.Furthermore, the first or second material composition 12, 22 can includea set of materials when located and be processed to include a subset ofthe set of materials, for example by removing solvents from the materialcomposition. For example, a material composition including a solvent isdeposited and then processed to remove the solvent leaving a materialcomposition without the solvent in place. Thus, according to embodimentsof the present invention, a deposited material composition is notnecessarily the same material composition as that found in a processedlayer (e.g. first or second layer 10, 20).

According to various embodiments of the present invention, the first andsecond layers 10, 20 of the multi-layer micro-wires 50 have differentelectrical, mechanical, optical, or chemical properties. In usefulembodiments, the multi-layer micro-wire 50 includes the first layer 10located farther from the substrate surface 41 or the micro-channel top61 than the second layer 20 and the first layer 10 is more electricallyconductive than the second layer 20.

The multi-layer micro-wire 50 including the first and second layers 10,20 formed in the substrate 40 can have a width less than a depth orthickness so that the multi-layer micro-wire 50 has an aspect ratio(depth/width) greater than one. The multi-layer micro-wire 50 can becovered with a protective layer to protect it from scratches or otherenvironmental damage, including mechanical or chemical damage. Theprotective layer can be formed over just the multi-layer micro-wire 50or over a more extensive portion of the substrate surface 41.

A layer need not continuously cover another layer in the multi-layermicro-wire 50 (not shown). In an embodiment, the first layer 10completely covers the micro-channel top 61 or the second layer 20. Inanother embodiment, the second layer 20 completely covers themicro-channel top 61 or the first layer 10. Alternatively, the firstlayer 10 covers only a portion of the micro-channel top 61 or the secondlayer 20. In another embodiment, the second layer 20 covers only aportion of the micro-channel top 61 or the first layer 10.

In various embodiments of the present invention, the multi-layermicro-wire 50 has a width less than or equal to 10 microns, 5 microns, 4microns, 3 microns, 2 microns, or 1 micron. Likewise, the micro-channel60 has a width less than or equal to 20 microns, 10 microns, 5 microns,4 microns, 3 microns, 2 microns, or 1 micron. In some embodiments, themulti-layer micro-wire 50 can fill the micro-channel 60; in otherembodiments the multi-layer micro-wire 50 does not fill themicro-channel 60.

In an embodiment, the first or second layer 10, 20 is solid. In anotherembodiment, the first or second layer 10, 20 is porous. The first orsecond material composition 12, 22 can include conductive particles 92(or light-absorbing particles) in a liquid carrier (for example anaqueous solution). The liquid carrier can be located in themicro-channels 60 and heated or dried to remove the liquid carrier,leaving a porous assemblage of the conductive particles 92 that can besintered to form a porous electrical conductor in a layer.

Electrically conductive multi-layer micro-wire structures 5 and methodsof the present invention are useful for making electrical conductors intransparent micro-wire electrodes (e.g. electrodes 52) and forelectrical conductors in general, for example as used in busses. Avariety of micro-wire patterns can be used and the present invention isnot limited to any one pattern. The multi-layer micro-wires 50 can bespaced apart, form separate electrical conductors, or intersect to forma mesh electrical conductor in the substrate 40, as illustrated in FIG.12. The micro-channels 60 can be identical or have different sizes,aspect ratios, or shapes. Similarly, the multi-layer micro-wires 50 canbe identical or have different sizes, aspect ratios, or shapes. Themulti-layer micro-wires 50 can be straight or curved.

Electrically conductive micro-layer micro-wire structures 5 of thepresent invention are useful, for example in touch screens such asprojected-capacitive touch screens that use transparent micro-wireelectrodes 52 and in displays. Electrically conductive multi-layermicro-wire structures 5 can be located in areas other than displayareas, for example in the perimeter of the display area of a touchscreen, where the display area is the area through which a user views adisplay.

When used in display systems, the multi-layer micro-wires 50 of thepresent invention provide an advantage in that when the substrate 40 isflexed, for example, by adhering the substrate 40 to a curved surface,the multi-layer micro-wires 50 continue to conduct electricity.

First layer 10 or second layer 20 can have a color or be reflective.U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0257211 discloses a varietyof metallic colored inks and its contents are hereby incorporated byreference.

In various embodiments, the first or second material compositions 12, 22can include conductive particles 92, for example metal nano-particlessuch as silver nano-particles. The metal can be silver or a silver alloyor other metals, such as tin, tantalum, titanium, gold, or aluminum, oralloys thereof. The metal nano-particles can be sintered to form ametallic electrical conductor. First or second material compositions 12,22 can include light-absorbing materials or particles such as carbonblack, a dye, or a pigment. In one embodiment, the second materialcomposition 22 includes carbon black, a black dye, or a black pigmentand the first material composition 12 includes silver nano-particles.

Conductive inks including metallic particles are known in the art. Inuseful embodiments, the conductive inks include nano-particles, forexample silver, in a carrier fluid such as an aqueous solution. Thecarrier fluid can include surfactants that reduce flocculation of themetal particles, humectants, thickeners, adhesives and other activechemicals. Once deposited, the conductive inks are cured, for example byheating. The curing process drives out the solution and sinters themetal particles to form a metallic electrical conductor. Conductive inksare known in the art and are commercially available.

In a useful embodiment, a material composition having conductiveparticles 92 and (optionally) light-absorbing particles in a liquidcarrier is located in the micro-channel 60. The material composition isprocessed, for example by drying, heating, or treatment withhydrochloric acid to remove the liquid carrier and agglomerateconductive particles 92.

Curing material compositions to form layers (first or second layers 10,20) or adhering the layers to each other or to substrate 40 can be doneby drying or heating. In particular, if micro-channel 60 is formed in apolymer layer, heating the polymer layer slightly can soften the polymerso that particles, for example black pigment or carbon black particlesor conductive particles 92, in the first or second material compositions12, 22 can adhere to the polymer. Such heating can be done by convectiveheating (putting substrate 40 into an oven) or by infrared radiation.Heating with infrared radiation has the advantage that light-absorbingparticles, for example black particles, differentially absorb theinfrared radiation and locally heat up the substrate 40 (that can betransparent), thus providing a more efficient adhesion or drying processfor a material composition. Adhesion of the first or second layers 10,20 to the substrate 40 or to each other is advantageous because suchadhered layers are more resistant to mechanical abrasion and are thusmore environmentally robust.

Conductive ink formulations useful for the present invention arecommercially available, as are substrates, substrate coating methods,and micro-patterning methods for forming micro-channels. Curable polymerlayers are well known as are method for coating, patterning, and curingthem. Light-absorbing materials are also known and can be made intocoatable material compositions using techniques known in the chemicalarts.

In any of these cases, conductive inks or other conducting materials areconductive after they are cured and any needed processing completed.Deposited materials are not necessarily electrically conductive beforepatterning or before curing. As used herein, a conductive ink is amaterial that is electrically conductive after any final processing iscompleted and the conductive ink is not necessarily conductive at anyother point in the multi-layer micro-wire 50 formation process.

According to various embodiments of the present invention, the substrate40 is any material having the substrate surface 41 in which themicro-channels 60 can be formed. For example, glass and polymer aresuitable materials known in the art from which the substrates 40 can bemade into sheets of material having substantially parallel opposedsides, one of which is the substrate surface 41. The substrate 40 can bea rigid or a flexible substrate and can have opposing substantiallyparallel and extensive surfaces. In a useful embodiment, the substrate40 is substantially transparent, for example having a transparency ofgreater than 90%, 80% 70% or 50% in the visible range of electromagneticradiation. The substrates 40 can include a dielectric material usefulfor capacitive touch screens and can have a wide variety of thicknesses,for example 10 microns, 50 microns, 100 microns, 1 mm, or more. Invarious embodiments of the present invention, the substrates 40 areprovided as a separate structure or are coated on another underlyingsubstrate, for example by coating a polymer substrate layer on anunderlying plastic substrate. Such substrates 40 and their methods ofconstruction are known in the prior art. The substrate 40 can be anelement of other devices, for example the cover or substrate of adisplay or a substrate, cover, or dielectric layer of a touch screen.According to embodiments of the present invention, the multi-layermicro-wires 50 extend across at least a portion of substrate 40 in adirection parallel to the substrate surface 41 of substrate 40. In anembodiment, the substrate 40 of the present invention is large enoughfor a user to directly interact therewith, for example with an implementsuch as a stylus or with a finger or hand. The substrates of integratedcircuits are too small for such interaction.

The micro-channel 60 is a groove, trench, or channel formed in thesubstrate 40 or a layer coated on an underlying substrate forming thesubstrate 40 and extending from the substrate surface 41 into thesubstrate 40 and, in various embodiments, having a cross-sectional widthin a direction parallel to substrate surface 41 less than 20 microns,for example 10 microns, 5 microns, 4 microns, 3 microns, 2 microns, 1micron, or 0.5 microns, or less. In an embodiment, the cross-sectionaldepth of the micro-channel 60 is comparable to the width. Themicro-channels 60 can have a rectangular cross section, as shown. Othercross-sectional shapes, for example trapezoids, are known and areincluded in the present invention. The first and second layers 10, 20can have different depths or the same depth. The width or depth of alayer is measured in cross section.

A conductive layer of the multi-layer micro-wires 50 can be metal, forexample silver, gold, aluminum, nickel, tungsten, titanium, tin, orcopper or various metal alloys including, for example silver, gold,aluminum, nickel, tungsten, titanium, tin, or copper. The multi-layermicro-wires 50 can include a thin metal layer composed of highlyconductive metals such as gold, silver, copper, or aluminum. Otherconductive metals or materials can be used. Alternatively, themulti-layer micro-wires 50 can include cured or sintered metal particlessuch as nickel, tungsten, silver, gold, titanium, or tin or alloys suchas nickel, tungsten, silver, gold, titanium, or tin. Conductive inks canbe used to form multi-layer micro-wires 50 with pattern-wise depositionor pattern-wise formation followed by curing steps. Other materials ormethods for forming multi-layer micro-wires 50 can be employed and areincluded in the present invention.

In an example and non-limiting embodiment of the present invention, eachmulti-layer micro-wire 50 is from 5 microns wide to one half micron wideand is separated from neighboring multi-layer micro-wires 50 by adistance of 20 microns or less, for example 10 microns, 5 microns, 2microns, or one micron.

Methods and device for forming and providing substrates, coatingsubstrates, patterning coated substrates, or pattern-wise depositingmaterials on a substrate are known in the photo-lithographic arts.Likewise, tools for laying out electrodes, conductive traces, andconnectors are known in the electronics industry as are methods formanufacturing such electronic system elements. Hardware controllers forcontrolling touch screens and displays and software for managing displayand touch screen systems are well known. These tools and methods areusefully employed to design, implement, construct, and operate thepresent invention. Methods, tools, and devices for operating capacitivetouch screens are used with the present invention.

The present invention is useful in a wide variety of electronic devices.Such devices can include, for example, photovoltaic devices, OLEDdisplays and lighting, LCD displays, plasma displays, inorganic LEDdisplays and lighting, electrophoretic displays, electrowettingdisplays, dimming mirrors, smart windows, transparent radio antennae,transparent heaters and other touch screen devices such as resistivetouch screen devices.

The invention has been described in detail with particular reference tocertain embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variationsand modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of theinvention.

PARTS LIST

-   5 multi-layer micro-wire structure-   10 first layer-   12 first material composition-   20 second layer-   22 second material composition-   30 third layer-   32 third material composition-   40 substrate-   41 substrate surface-   42 corner-   44 gap-   46 object-   50 multi-layer micro-wire-   52 electrodes-   60 micro-channel-   61 micro-channel top-   62 micro-channel side-   63 micro-channel bottom-   70 unpatterned conductive layer-   92 conductive particles-   99 curved capacitive touch screen-   100 provide substrate step-   105 coat substrate with conductive material step-   110 form micro-channels step-   112 coat substrate and micro-channels with material step-   114 remove material from substrate surface step-   116 cure material in micro-channels step-   120 locate first material forming first layer step-   130 locate second material forming second layer step-   135 locate third material forming third layer step-   140 bend substrate step

Parts List (Con't)

-   205 provide stamp step-   210 provide curable layer step-   212 coat conductive layer-   215 imprint micro-channels in curable layer step-   220 cure curable layer step-   225 provide conductive ink in micro-channels step-   230 cure conductive ink in micro-channels step

1. A multi-layer micro-wire structure resistant to cracking, comprising:a substrate having a surface; one or more micro-channels formed in thesubstrate; an electrically conductive first material composition forminga first layer located in each micro-channel; and an electricallyconductive second material composition having a greater tensileductility than the first material composition forming a second layerlocated in each micro-channel, the first material composition and thesecond material composition in electrical contact to form anelectrically conductive multi-layer micro-wire in each micro-channel,whereby the multi-layer micro-wire is resistant to cracking.
 2. Themulti-layer micro-wire structure of claim 1, wherein the first materialcomposition infuses with the second material composition or the secondmaterial composition infuses with the first material composition.
 3. Themulti-layer micro-wire structure of claim 1, wherein the second materialcomposition is between the first material composition and the surface.4. The multi-layer micro-wire structure of claim 1, wherein the firstmaterial composition is between the second material composition and thesurface.
 5. The multi-layer micro-wire structure of claim 1, wherein thesecond material composition is PEDOT or a polyaniline.
 6. Themulti-layer micro-wire structure of claim 1, wherein the first materialcomposition is a conductive ink.
 7. The multi-layer micro-wire structureof claim 1, wherein first material composition includes a metal and thesecond material composition includes a conductive polymer.
 8. Themulti-layer micro-wire structure of claim 1, wherein the first or secondmaterial composition is light-absorbing or includes carbon black.
 9. Themulti-layer micro-wire structure of claim 1, wherein at least onemulti-layer micro-wire includes at least one crack in the first materialcomposition forming a gap in the first material composition and thesecond material composition forms an electrical connection that bridgesthe gap.
 10. The multi-layer micro-wire structure of claim 1, whereinthe first electrically conductive material composition forming a firstlayer is located only in each micro-channel and not on the substratesurface or wherein the second electrically conductive materialcomposition forming the second layer is located only in eachmicro-channel and not on the substrate surface.
 11. The multi-layermicro-wire structure of claim 1, wherein the micro-wires are patternedto form a plurality of separate, spaced-apart electrodes, each electrodeincluding a plurality of electrically connected multi-layer micro-wires.12. The multi-layer micro-wire structure of claim 11, further includingan unpatterned conductive layer electrically connected to theelectrodes.
 13. The multi-layer micro-wire structure of claim 12,wherein the unpatterned conductive layer includes the second materialcomposition or includes the first material composition.
 14. Themulti-layer micro-wire structure of claim 12, wherein the secondmaterial composition is at least partly located on the sides and bottomof each micro-channel.
 15. The multi-layer micro-wire structure of claim12, wherein the unpatterned conductive layer is located on the substratesurface.
 16. The multi-layer micro-wire structure of claim 1, furtherincluding a third layer located in the micro-channel on a side of thesecond layer opposite the first layer, wherein the third layer includesthe first material composition; further including a third layer locatedin the micro-channel on a side of the first layer opposite the secondlayer, wherein the third layer includes the second material composition;or further including a third electrically conductive materialcomposition forming a third layer located on the bottom of themicro-channel, located in the micro-channel between the first and secondlayers, or located in the top of the micro-channel.
 17. The multi-layermicro-wire structure of claim 1, further including a third layer locatedin the micro-channel on a side of the second layer opposite the firstlayer, wherein the third layer includes light-absorbing material. 18.The multi-layer micro-wire structure of claim 1, wherein the substratehas a three-dimensional configuration, is curved, or is wrapped around acorner of a three-dimensional object.
 19. The multi-layer micro-wirestructure of claim 18, wherein the multi-layer micro-wires formoverlapping electrode arrays defining capacitors of a capacitive touchscreen.
 20. A capacitive touch screen that has a three-dimensionalconfiguration, is curved, is wrapped around a corner or edge of athree-dimensional object or surface, or is adhered to a curved orthree-dimensional surface.